_UbiComp-Beispielsammlung

7_ Guiding, Tracking und perceptual computing

- technical focus:
- interaktive Museums- und Stadtführer
-Senosoren zur Kontextgewinnung


# Cyberguide/ GA Tech
* http://c2000.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs8113c_99_spring/readings/abowd-icse99/node7.html#SECTION00032000000000000000
* ftp://ftp.gvu.gatech.edu/pub/gvu/tr/96-27.ps.Z
- A guide that provides indoor and outdoor locations and delivers maps, information and messages
- When a traveller visits an unfamiliar location, it is useful to have some sort of information service to provide background about the location. A very effective information service is the human tour guide, who provides some organized overview of a area, but is often able to answer spontaneous questions outside of the prepared overview. The Cyberguide project was an attempt to replicate this human tour guide service through use of mobile and hand-held technology and ubiquitous positioning and communication services [3, 14, 13]. Over the course of two years, we built a suite of tour guide systems for various indoor and outdoor needs within and around the Georgia Tech campus. One example supports a community of users in pursuit of refreshment at neighborhood establishments around the Georgia Tech campus. This prototype, called CyBARguide, used a Newton MessagePad and a GPS receiver to cover approximately 12 square miles of midtown Atlanta, using multiple maps at varying levels of detail. The interface on the Newton is shown in Figures?3 and 4. Users driving around Atlanta can find out the location of establishments that satisfy certain requirements (special offers, free parking, good ambience). Deciding on a particular location results in an interactive map that provides directions to the establishment. In addition, after visiting an establishment, the user can leave comments that are then available to future users.


# GUIDE
* http://www.guide.lancs.ac.uk/
- University of Lancaster, Nigel Davies
- Testbed
- Handheld Device (PDA) in Buchgrösse als Stadtführer
- Information über Funk-LAN, GPS
- Kontext-Information: Wetter, Uhrzeit, …
wichtig für: Öffnungszeiten, Wahle des Wegs (dunkel = gefährlich)
- Services
- Testbed; system aufgebaut; Evaluierung/ Praxistest
- Focus: Technik, usability
- tour guide
   > context sensitiveness
   > location dependant tourist information
   > offer interactive services
- modelling a context-sensitive city
- context:
   > place
   > time
- closing hours
- day/ night => security
   > weather
- requirements
   > experience => gaining practice in tourist information center
   > requests vary
   > wide range of languages
   > repeat-visitors during a single day => ~60% sic!
   > requirements for interactive services
- changing attraction availability (closing hours, weather...)
- bookings
- requests which require human intervention
   > support for tourist groups
- social context
- group creativity
   > route guidance
   > active entities which can respond to events
   > virtual & physical tours => visiting before the visit
   > information peersistence
- functional design decission: to download information dynamically
> price
> more interesting
> more general purpose
- problems with GPS
- wave LAN used to create cells
- separated cells, nom complete network coverage
- problems
   > power supply
   > buildings / access
   > castle/ prison: security problems, interferences
   > hospital
- own tags defined (pre XML-time)
- hardware
   > test => best acceptance: size of a book!
   > size / scrolling while waiting


# Experience Live Music Project, Seattle (~2000)
* http://www.emplive.com/
- gegründet von Microsoft Mitbegründer Paul Allen
- Handheld Device für Besucher: Museum Exhibit Guide (MEG) Device; bookmarken von Exponaten
- Jam-O-Drum = interaktiver Tisch; 12 Leute können kollaborativ Schlagzeug spielen: grafische Muster erscheinen als projektion auf dem Tisch
- EMP Digital Collection -> digitales Pendant im Web
- Experience Arts Camp -> für Kids und Jugendliche


# The Electronic Guidebook; HP Labs & Exploratorium San Francisco (~2001)
* http://www.exploratorium.edu/
* http://www.archimuse.com/mw2002/papers/semper/semper.html
- The Electronic Guidebook is an Exploratorium research project investigating the use of handheld computing devices and wireless networks to support a richer learning experience for science museum visitors. In collaboration with the Concord Consortium and Hewlett-Packard Labs, with funding from the National Science Foundation, the Exploratorium is testing a network of mobile devices, wireless systems, and Web-based content that supplement the museum's interactive science exhibits. The goal of the project is to develop a knowledge base on how this network will allow individuals and groups to engage in a continuum of activities before, during, and after a museum visit to support a deeper engagement with the exhibits.
- ZB Tracking der Besucher ermöglicht Nachbereitung des Gesehenen (Schulklassen) via Web
- Handheld Devices

# GEIST
- Fraunhofer IGD und European Media Lab, Heidelberg


# Parc Tab
* http://www.ubiq.com/parctab/parctab.html
- Xerox PARC
- Mobile hardware
- infrared
- room-sized cells
- location information
- Device
    > small case with belt clip, _ size of PDAs
    > touch sensitive 128x64 pixels display
    > 3 finger-operated mechanical buttons (chorded)
    > piezo-electric speaker
    > low power needs (~ 1 week between charges )
    > Can be used in either hand
    > rotates display
- Ursprungsidee: bei eingehenden Telefonanrufen sollte der Angerufenen von der Rezeption lokalisiert und so der Anruf umgeleitet werden können.
- 1988-1994


# Active Badge System
* http://www.cam-orl.co.uk/ab.html
* http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/abadge/documentation/abwayin.html
- Olivetti Cambridge Research Labs (ORL) als Pionier 1989-92
- Locating people and objects within a building
- room level accuracy
- badges worn by people emit beacons; sensors intergarted in infarstructure
- sensors with known location
- „artificial sensing“: augment phenomenon of interest = people‘s persence to make it senseable
- Olivetti Research Laboratory aquired by AT&T in 1999


# Bat Ultrasonic Location System
* http://www.cam-orl.co.uk/projects.html
* http://www.uk.research.att.com/bat/
- (AT&T als Nachfolger der ORL)
- Ultrasonic Location System
- large number of sensors spread out over their labs that are able to track small gadget equipped with ultrasonic transmitters
- Weiterentwicklung des Active Badge Systems in Cambridge
- große Genauigkeit: 95% of readings within 3 cm
- Bat device emits short pulse of ultrasound
- ceiling mounted sensor array
- trilateration to compute position
- Bat-device in verschiedenen Gehäusen/ Farben. Bericht in Dagstuhl von den Entwickelern, dass sich eine Dame der Rezeption weigerte, das Device zu tragen. (Gründe wie Privatheit, will nicht geortet werden etc.) Nach einer Weile hat sie zufällig ein Bat mit transluzentem, farbigem Plastikhäuse gesehen und wollte dieses - die Bedenken waren plötzlich irrelevant!


# Sentient Computing
- AT&T Laboratories Cambridge
- Nutzen der Bat-Infrastruktur
- Sensoren werden genutzt, um ein Model der Umgebung/ des Environments zu generieren
- shared view of the world between system and the user
- VRML-Szene mit modellierten Nutzern


# Weight Lab
- University of Lancaster, HW Gellersen
- Einsatz von Gewichtssensoren
- an environment in which all surfaces are load-sensitive
- context akquisition
- zB zum Tracking von Personen oder Objekten
- Vorhersage von Ereignissen
- Problem bei meheren Personen/ Objekten
- zB Tischoberfläche als unichtbares „Trackpad“: „natürliche“ Oberflächen als Interaktions/ pointing-Device: „ubiquitous interaction“
- „activity tracking with unobtrusive infrastructure“
- vgl. Passage Konzept/ IPSI
* gellersen_dag2_2002.pdf


# Pin & Play
- University of Lancaster, HW Gellersen
- Konzept: “The wall as network bus for the things attached”
- A new type of network to connect everyday objects on common surfaces such as boards and walls
- Use of familiar mechanism: “pinning objects to thewall” “pinning nodes to the network”
* gellersen_dag2_2002.pdf


# Smart Palm PC
- Microsoft Research; Hinckley et Al
- sensors to improve user interaction
- detecting simple percepts
   > holding & duration
   > tilt, orientation
- detecting gestures
   > „dictaphone“ gesture
   > scrolling
- technologie
   > proximity range sensor
   > IR receiver
   > IR emitter
   > tilt sensor ( 2-axis linear, accelerometer)
   > touch display


# Teco Karlsruhe, TEA Mobile Phone
- Inegration von einfachen Sensoren in Mobilephone
- Licht, Audio, Accelerrometer, Tempoeratur, Touch
- „sensor fusion“ = Interpretation der gesammelten Daten für Erkennen des Device-Kontexts: Auto, Bar, Meeting, Zuhause...
- shared context zwischen benutzern: Anruf, Teelefonbuch usw.


# Teco, MediaCup
- 1999-2000
- Einsatz von Sensoren in einem Ding des Alltags, einer Kaffetasse
- wireless sensor device embedded in ordinary coffee cup
- Sensoren für Bewegung, Gewicht, Temperatur
- on board compuatation of user-level context: „aufgefüllt“, „kalt“ usw.
- augment passive artefact with continous digital presence
- 95% reliable context prediction in everyday use


# Smart-Its
* http://www.smart-its.org/
* gellersen_dag2_2002.pdf
- Teil des FP5 Projektes „The Dissappearing Computer“
- Lancaster, Teco Karlsruhe, ETHZ ...
- Prototypical Smart Device
- samll scale 4X4X1 cm and low powered
- Smart-it = cpu + verschiedene Sensoren + Kommunkation
  > PIC Microcontroler
  > RFM 868 MhZ
  > Sensors: Light, Accel., Audio, Temp.
- Physical I/O
– Sensors, Actuators
- Wireless networking
- Processing and memory
- Pervasive deployment
– Attachment to existing things/structures
- No User Interface
– The “host” thing/structure is the human interface
- attachen der smart-its an vorhandene „passive“ Artefakte: Erweitern physikalischer Artefakte in die digitale Dimension
- ca 150 Devices im Einsatz
- unterschiedliche Partner bauen unterschiedliche Smart-Its: ETH hat Bluetooth Smart-It, Lancaster „DIY“ Smart-It
- Bsp: selbstreklärendes Ikea-Regal/ ETHZ (*Video): Smart-Its sind in Regal integriert; Regal kann aktiv mithelfen


# Cooltown Project HP
* http://cooltown.hp.com/dev/wpapers/webpres/WebPresence.asp
- people, places, things: web presence for the real world
- In cooltown, everyone and everything is connected to the Web through wired or wireless links.
- Link zB über RFID Label


# AgileWeb, HP Labs
- „social media“
- „agile computation“: agile applications migrate modularly onto appliances and execute locally
- user selcets prefered device/ appliances and asigns roles
- focus on communication
- system
    > spatial
    > social communications
    > incidental physical integration
    > intends to be spontaneous
    > autonomeous systems (shared data)
    > mobile


# Active Campus Project, UC San Diego
* http://activecampus.ucsd.edu/
- living lab of 100s users
- sustaining university community
   > learn through communication
   > increasingly busy, distraced
   > opportunities out of sight
   > physical, not virtual community
- issues for applying ubicomp
   > inventing the ‚killer app‘ for a physical proximate community
   > small form factor design
   > scalability and sustainability
   > component architecture to faciliate change and innovation
- geo lacation by trilateration
   > simple, fast, maintainable, retargetable
   > PDA observes AP Signal strength + estiamtes distance to each AP
   > selectively searches sphere arround closest


# Project Oxygen, MIT
* http://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu
* http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/035/business/As_easy_as_breathing+.shtml
- new technology and infrastructure
- integration of technologies


# Intel, Berkeley Motes / Smart Dust
- Vision: Sensoren so allegegenwärtig wie Staub
- wireless sensing
- sinkende Preise
- Kontextinformation sammeln
- eigenes winziges OS
- designed for large-scale networks
- messaging model
- multihop routing
- data filtering/ aggregation
- „Context Toolkit“
- sensors communicating to the building
- tiny sensors / as small as dust
- collecting information - sharing - interpreting
- sensing as pervaisve as possible


# NaviCam /Sony CSL
* http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/navi.html
- Using a palmtop TV and a CCD camera, the system augments the real world by the computer's synthetic information.


# Blue Eyes/ IBM
* http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/blueeyes/
* http://www.research.ibm.com/compsci/hci/projects.html
- Attentive Environments, eye/gaze, head, person tracking
-"Creating Computers that know how you feel (...)"


# Portolano Project at the University of Washington
* http://portolano.cs.washington.edu/
- "The Portolano project seeks to create a testbed for investigation into the emerging field of invisible computing". Their vision is related to what Donald Norman talks about. In order to realize their vision, issues concerning User Interfaces (Multiple Interfaces and Invisible Interfaces), Distributed Services (Horizontal Integration, Agent Technology, and Service Deployment) and Infrastructure (Resource Discovery, Data-Centric Networking, Distributed Computing, Intermittent Connectivity) are discussed. [c.f. their MobiCom'99 paper.]


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